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In 1911, Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company merged with two other commercial machine companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). In the same year, Powers left the Census Bureau and founded the Powers Accounting Machine Company, which would become CTR—and later IBM—IRA’s biggest competitor. Between 1911 and 1914, Powers’s company won numerous clients, forcing CTR to scale back its research budget and temporarily shift machines to Europe for rental before Powers expanded there.

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From Unicorn to Monopoly

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Qiang Yue,
  • Fei Yang

摘要

In 1911, Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company merged with two other commercial machine companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). In the same year, Powers left the Census Bureau and founded the Powers Accounting Machine Company, which would become CTR—and later IBM—IRA’s biggest competitor. Between 1911 and 1914, Powers’s company won numerous clients, forcing CTR to scale back its research budget and temporarily shift machines to Europe for rental before Powers expanded there.