Thus far, this book has discussed agricultural development strategies and industrialization strategies aimed at poverty reduction. However, it would be problematic if many developing countries succeed in agricultural development and industrialization, and increase carbon dioxide emissions and accelerate climate change as a result. If global temperatures rise, Antarctic ice and Himalayan glaciers melt; sea levels rise; infectious diseases spread; and severe typhoons, cyclones, hurricanes, as well as heavy rains and droughts occur more frequently, causing significant adverse impacts on our lives. Then, the very purpose of pursuing economic development comes into question. Therefore, we must simultaneously address two formidable challenges: poverty reduction and global environmental protection. I would like to argue that this is possible. While these two issues are closely related, I believe they can be discussed separately. For this reason, the discussion thus far has focused exclusively on development issues, without delving into environmental concerns. We discuss climate change in-depth in this chapter.