Pollution and its associated pollutants are significant environmental challenges of today, threatening ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. The increasing release of greenhouse gases, particulate matter, heavy metals, microplastics, and industrial waste has led to disastrous outcomes, including climate change, deteriorating air and water quality, and soil degradation. In addition, noise and light pollution have recently come to the forefront of scientific research, disrupting environmental balance and human well-being. This contributes to habitat disruption, sleep disorders, and long-lasting physical and mental stress. This chapter covers the sources, environmental impacts, and health risks of major pollutants. The text also explains sustainable practices aimed at reducing pollution. It also sheds light on global mechanisms such as the Paris Agreement and pollution-reduction measures. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are designed to address pollution, but their success depends on concerted efforts across technological sectors, policymaking, implementation, and grassroots movements. To reduce pollution, innovative approaches such as carbon capture technology, bioremediation, the use of biodegradable materials, and circular-economy measures offer promising solutions. Other initiatives, such as zero-waste, plastic-free, and urban green space promotion, can improve environmental quality.