Food waste contains a large amount of easily degradable organic matter, such as sugars, starches, fats, and proteins, as well as some nutrients that are readily utilized by plants. Preparing soil conditioners from food waste is not only an effective way to recycle and reuse food waste but can also be used to improve soil fertility. Soil conditioners prepared by traditional fermentation methods are rich in humic carbon but contain less small molecular available carbon. When applied as a base fertilizer, they have a significant effect on increasing crop yields in fertile farmland. However, for barren soil, which has low organic matter content and a dysfunctional microbial community, the application of organic fertilizer often fails to fundamentally enhance the ecological function of its own microbial community. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis: the formation of humus in barren soil can use macromolecular humic carbon as a carbon skeleton to promote the condensation of soil aggregates, while the increase in the abundance and diversity of the microbial community in barren soil can use small molecular available carbon as an energy and nutrient source. Under the synergistic regulation of small molecular available carbon and macromolecular humic carbon, barren soil can be conditioned and improved, enhancing its fertility. Based on this, this chapter uses food waste as a raw material to prepare a synergistic and high-efficiency conditioner using high-temperature hydrothermal hydrolysis equipment. With traditionally fermented organic fertilizer as a reference, the physicochemical properties, morphological characteristics, degree of humification, changes in functional groups, and microbial community structure of the synergistic and high-efficiency conditioner were characterized.