Microalgae cultivation in membrane photobioreactors has become a promising technology for sustainable wastewater treatment, combining pollutant removal with biomass production. This chapter explores the outlooks and challenges of using membrane photobioreactors-assisted microalgae cultivation for removing pollutants such as organic compounds, phosphorus, nitrogen, and heavy metals from wastewater. By integrating membrane technology with photobioreactors, membrane photobioreactors enhance biomass retention, improve effluent quality, and allow resource recovery. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses applications for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. It emphasizes the technology’s scalability potential and alignment with circular economy principles, supporting sustainable resource recovery and reuse. However, high operational costs, membrane fouling, and nutrient and light utilization optimization remain significant challenges. Future perspectives focus on advancements in energy-efficient designs, membrane materials, and genetic engineering of microalgae to improve pollutant removal efficiency and economic viability. This chapter presents an in-depth investigation of membrane photobioreactor technology, boosting its potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment and addressing the significant challenges that must be overcome for its broader implications.