Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), arises from an inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS). Over-activated microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, release pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to neuronal damage and accelerated neurodegeneration. However, effective drug delivery to the CNS faces a significant challenge due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This natural protective barrier restricts harmful plasma components from accessing brain tissue. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Moreover, biodegradability and biocompatibility of nanomaterials offer potential as minimally invasive carriers for anti-inflammatory drugs. By leveraging nanomaterials, emerging research aims to overcome the BBB and inhibit microglial over-activation, thereby modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is essential to optimize nanomaterials-based therapeutic protocols and enhance drug delivery across the BBB. In this chapter, we have discussed and compiled information on different types of nanoparticles utilized to treat neuroinflammatory diseases. Here, we explain their mechanisms and effects in modulating inflammatory responses associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we provide information and recommendations for using nanoparticles in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related disorders.