Nanotheranostic represents a cutting-edge arena of therapeutic medicine that combines the diagnostic and therapeutic agent into a single nanotechnology platform, transforming the landscape of precision medicine targeting neuroimmune signaling. Nanotheranostic targeting the neuroimmune signaling pathways includes expanding and applying nanomaterials or nanoparticles (NPs) to target and modulate the neuroimmune signaling pathways precisely. The final goal is to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of neuroimmune signaling related neurodegenerative diseases like PD, AD, and autoimmune disorders. This chapter provides knowledge of nanotheranostic targeting neuroimmune signaling pathways and explaining its multifaceted therapeutic applications, recent improvements, and future prospects of nanotheranostic platform. We explore the various types of miscellaneous diagnostic techniques combined within nanotheranostic platform, encompassing imaging and sensing techniques. The combination of diagnostic and therapeutic platforms within the nanotheranostic offers enormous potential for the initial detection of CNS disorders, treatment strategies of personalized medicine, and improved potential therapeutic outcomes.