This chapter reviews existing research in four dimensions: capacity building of resource-poor farmers, sustainable livelihood conditions, social capital in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, gender equality and economic empowerment. Enhancing resource-poor farmers’ capacity is essential to implement better farming practices and resource management to increase agricultural productivity and household income for socio-economic well-being. The patriarchal social structure in Bangladesh is characterized by traditional gender roles and income inequality. Women are less likely to be involved in mainstream economic activities due to socio-cultural barriers and lack of access to financial assets. Family responsibilities, socio-religious customs, early marriage and lack of social consciousness all act as barriers against women’s empowerment. The formation and mobilization of social capital through common interest group (CIG) can increase mutual trust, cooperation and business networking to enhance the entrepreneurial development. Social capital, innovations and entrepreneurship are important forces to eradicate poverty and gender discrimination in developing countries like Bangladesh.