Climate change is a prioritized global issue in this era, necessitating innovative and efficient approaches to mitigate its impact. Addressing climate change requires creative solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in the battle against climate change, and at the forefront of this field are nano-ecosystems. These nano-ecosystems utilize nanomaterials and biomimicry to replicate the effectiveness of natural ecosystems in mitigating the effects of climate change. This chapter will explore the underlying principles, materials, technologies, and applications of nanotechnology in the context of nano-ecosystems for climate change mitigation. The scientific foundations of nano-ecosystems, the nanomaterials employed, and their roles in capturing and mitigating greenhouse gases will also be discussed. Furthermore, the chapter will address the challenges, ethical considerations, and future prospects within this crucial area of research.