Non-accidental injuries (NAIs) in children can closely mimic accidental trauma, making them challenging to identify. As a primary care provider (PCP), it is crucial to recognize when the reported mechanism of injury does not align with clinical findings in order to ensure comprehensive and child-centered care. Child maltreatment including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect is a serious public health concern with lasting consequences on a child’s physical and psychological well-being. This chapter provides PCPs with a structured approach to recognizing and managing suspected cases of non-accidental injuries in the emergency setting. It highlights the clinical red flags and injury patterns commonly associated with child abuse and neglect and outlines appropriate steps for evaluation and documentation. Emphasis is placed on building trust and maintaining a non-threatening environment during interactions with the child and caregivers, using sensitive and developmentally appropriate interview techniques. Legal responsibilities, including mandatory reporting and timely coordination with child protection services, are discussed to ensure adherence to statutory requirements and promote the child’s safety. By the end of this chapter, PCPs will be equipped with the foundational skills to identify signs of child maltreatment, initiate appropriate medical and psychosocial interventions, and advocate for vulnerable children through multidisciplinary collaboration.