This study aims to analyze the differences in researchers’ data-sharing behaviors to comprehensively measure the acceptance of open scientific data, and to explore the interactions among influencing factors. To elucidate the mechanisms of interaction among influencing factors, a combination of the Big Five personality traits with the COM-B model was proposed, utilizing differential testing methods and structural equation modeling to analyze and validate the questionnaire data. The analysis of the questionnaires showed that different personality traits have varying impacts on data-sharing behaviors. According to COM-B model, the motivation, capability, and opportunity form a positive cycle in promoting data sharing. In the personality traits, conscientiousness and agreeableness significantly and indirectly influence data-sharing intentions.