African legumes such as Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc; BGN) have great potential to improve environmental sustainability, fair food access and pricing, and food and nutrition security. It is a “complete food” because of its climate-resilient qualities, which include its capacity to fix nitrogen and flourish in harsh environments, including drought and poor soil quality. BGNs are high in minerals, with 5.5% fiber, 6.5% fat, 23.6% protein, and 64.4% carbohydrates, and are frequently associated with small-scale subsistence farming, in which women serve as the main producers and processors. This crop is suitable for creating value-added goods because of its nutritional profile and functional qualities for food processing. Despite its potential, BGN is ignored in mainstream agricultural research, leading to low yields, limited genetic improvement, and undeveloped value chains. Recent research has focused on its potential use in food formulations, including vegan, gluten-free, and nutritionally enhanced products. It is also a sustainable crop rotation option because of its symbiotic nitrogen-fixing capacity, which increases soil fertility. Reviving the production and processing of BGNs could have a significant effect on sustainable agriculture, food system diversification, and the empowerment of smallholder farmers, especially women, in developing nations. More funding for research and policy assistance is needed to fully realize the potential of this underutilized legume. The present chapter highlights the importance of BGNs in bridging food chain gaps by guaranteeing long-term food and nutritional security. Further, it also examined the history, domestication, worldwide production, nutritional content, processing, and studies that tried to enhance BGNs using traditional breeding methods, modern molecular breeding, and marker-assisted selection.