Neurodegenerative disease management benefits from phototherapeutics, which function through light-based therapeutic approaches as a new and promising treatment strategy. This paper examines contemporary phototherapeutic research alongside development predictions for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease along with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis care. Recent advancements in photobiomodulation and optogenetics have demonstrated potential in mitigating neuronal damage, reducing inflammation, and enhancing cellular energy production. Present insights reveal the efficacy of near-infrared light in stimulating mitochondrial function and promoting neuroplasticity, while optogenetic techniques offer unprecedented precision in modulating specific neural circuits. Emerging horizons in phototherapeutics include the development of novel light-sensitive compounds, improved light delivery systems, and combination therapies integrating photobiomodulation with traditional pharmacological approaches. Additionally, ongoing research explores the potential of photodynamic therapy in targeting protein aggregates characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders. Further illumination of light-tissue interactions creates opportunities for phototherapeutics to transform neurodegenerative disorder treatments, thus providing better patient results and improved life quality. The paper reviews existing research data while emphasizing modern developments in addition to exploring potential future directions within this quickly expanding scientific sector.