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The growing global demand for sustainable agriculture and food production has emphasized the need for advanced and more efficient plant breeding techniques. Conventional genetic transformation methods viz., AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated geneGene transfer and biolistic (geneGene gun) delivery are frequently hindered by limitations, including a narrow host range, low transformation efficiency, random DNA integration, and reliance on complex tissue culture procedures. These issues particularly affect crop species that are resistant to transformation, thereby slowing genetic improvement efforts. Nanotechnology is emerging as a powerful tool to address these limitations in plant genome modification. Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their ultra-small size, high surface area, and tenable surface properties, have demonstrated the ability to penetrate plant cell wallsCell wall and membranes. This allows them to deliver a range of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteinsProteins, and CRISPR/CasCRISPR/Cas geneGene-editing complexes—directly into plant cells, and even into specific organelles, without significant cellular damage. A major advantage of using nanocarriersNanocarriers is the potential for DNA-free genome editingDNA-free editing, which avoids the stable integration of foreign genesGene. This reduces biosafety concerns, supports regulatory approval processes, and increases public acceptance of geneGene-edited crops. As a result, nanotechnology offers a novel platform not only for precision breeding but also for developing next-generation crops with enhanced traits, such as stress resistance and improved nutritionalNutritional control profiles. This review highlights the emerging role of nanotechnology in plant genetic engineeringPlant genetic engineering. It focuses on various types of nanocarriersNanocarriers, their mechanisms for cellular entry, and their advantages over conventional transformation approaches. Additionally, it explores their applications in genome editing, RNA interferenceRNA interference, and bio sensing, while also addressing the technical challenges, biosafety concerns, and regulatory considerations necessary for broader implementation in agriculture.

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Opportunities and Obstacles for Using Nanotechnology to Modify Plant Genome

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Sana Khalid,
  • Zainab Waheed,
  • Samra Javaid,
  • Sumera Iqbal

摘要

The growing global demand for sustainable agriculture and food production has emphasized the need for advanced and more efficient plant breeding techniques. Conventional genetic transformation methods viz., AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated geneGene transfer and biolistic (geneGene gun) delivery are frequently hindered by limitations, including a narrow host range, low transformation efficiency, random DNA integration, and reliance on complex tissue culture procedures. These issues particularly affect crop species that are resistant to transformation, thereby slowing genetic improvement efforts. Nanotechnology is emerging as a powerful tool to address these limitations in plant genome modification. Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their ultra-small size, high surface area, and tenable surface properties, have demonstrated the ability to penetrate plant cell wallsCell wall and membranes. This allows them to deliver a range of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteinsProteins, and CRISPR/CasCRISPR/Cas geneGene-editing complexes—directly into plant cells, and even into specific organelles, without significant cellular damage. A major advantage of using nanocarriersNanocarriers is the potential for DNA-free genome editingDNA-free editing, which avoids the stable integration of foreign genesGene. This reduces biosafety concerns, supports regulatory approval processes, and increases public acceptance of geneGene-edited crops. As a result, nanotechnology offers a novel platform not only for precision breeding but also for developing next-generation crops with enhanced traits, such as stress resistance and improved nutritionalNutritional control profiles. This review highlights the emerging role of nanotechnology in plant genetic engineeringPlant genetic engineering. It focuses on various types of nanocarriersNanocarriers, their mechanisms for cellular entry, and their advantages over conventional transformation approaches. Additionally, it explores their applications in genome editing, RNA interferenceRNA interference, and bio sensing, while also addressing the technical challenges, biosafety concerns, and regulatory considerations necessary for broader implementation in agriculture.