Nanotechnology is emerging as a transformative tool in sustainable agriculture, offers innovative solutions to enhance crop growth, productivity, and stress toleranceTolerance. NPs, due to their nanoscale size and unique physico-chemical properties, differ significantly from their bulk counterparts. Various types of nanomaterialsNanomaterials likely metallic (Ag, Zn, Cu, Fe), metalMetal oxides (ZnO, TiO2), carbonCarbon-based (graphene oxide, fullerenes), and silicon-based had shown potential to promote plant growthPlant growth. However, their effects can be both beneficial and toxic, depending on particle characteristics, concentration, plant species, and environmental conditions. Nano-proteomicsNano-proteomics examines proteinProteins expression change in response to NP exposure. This technique provides insight into the mechanisms that govern plant responses at the molecular level, including the regulation of proteinsProteins involved in stress responses, photosynthesisPhotosynthesis, defense, and metabolism. Key proteinsProteins such as aquaporins, dehydrins, heat shock proteinsProteins, and transcription factorsTranscription factors like WRKY and NAC are often modulated under NPs treatment. Despite its potential, nano-proteomicNano-proteomics research faces technical hurdles such as sample complexity, difficulties in proteinProteins isolation, and limited instrumentation. Nonetheless, it remains vital to decipher how NPs alter plant physiologyPlant physiology and defense mechanisms. This chapter explores the uptake, transportTransport, translocationTranslocation, and impact of different nanomaterialsNanomaterials on plant proteomes, highlighting both the promise and risks of NPs application in agriculture. A deeper understanding of nano-plant interactions through proteomicsProteomics could pave the way for developing more resilient and high-yield crop systems in response to rising global food demands.