Mediation stands as one of the most crucial mechanisms for resolving social disputes in traditional China, with great significance that is both historical and enduring. Given China’s vast territory, complex geography, and diverse local customs, the primary aim of traditional law was to maintain the centralized political rule. The reach of state power typically extended only to the county or prefectural level, and with limited resources of public power, it was difficult for the state to comprehensively intervene in the social lives of the vast rural population. Consequently, most disputes among the civilians were resolved through the negotiation among themselves. This process naturally produced key figures to facilitate these negotiations such as family heads, clan patriarchs, and village elders. Acting in accordance with local customary norms, they effectively organized and decided the procedures and outcomes of dispute resolutions. While official authorities played a role in coordination and could even issue final decisions in official mediation, their jurisdiction was ultimately limited to civil cases involving trivial matters and offenses. This highly developed culture of mediation greatly saved official judicial resources, reduced the litigation costs for the populace, maintained the order of the acquaintance society, and contributed to harmony and stability at the grassroots level. It is also a key factor that contributes to the long-term continuity of traditional Chinese society. However, the process, which often overemphasized the relinquishment of personal claims, also significantly dampened popular demands for legal adjudication and impeded the development of modern consciousness of citizenship.