Beyond critical mineral ores, waste streams are now rapidly emerging as alternative sources of critical minerals. At one end of the waste spectrum, immense volumes of mining and metallurgical wastes are available. Although such resources have a low concentration of critical minerals, their overall recovery potential is high due to their large volumes. Processing and remediation of such waste also have additional environmental and humanitarian benefits. At the other end of the waste spectrum, large volumes of urban waste like electronics waste, spent batteries, and end-of-life solar cells are available. Such wastes have relatively higher concentrations of critical minerals but their processing also involves additional challenges due to the co-presence of plastic, ceramics, and unique chemicals like halogenated flame retardants. This chapter delves into the emerging landscape of critical mineral recovery from these waste streams using different pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and hybrid methods. The role of additive manufacturing in these extraction processes is envisioned.