Alfarabi (ca. AH 257/AD 870–AH 339/AD 950) achieved recognition as the “Second Teacher” after Aristotle for his magisterial understanding and exposition of Classical Greek Philosophy in the Arabic-speaking world. He recovered, occasionally improved upon, and promulgated an account of Classical Philosophy that was largely unknown in the Greek, Latin, and later European worlds. The recent rediscovery of his significance has caused us to raise again central questions in the long-standing conversation between the Ancients and the Moderns. His numerous treatises are predominantly on the topics of the Logical Arts and of Political Philosophy, and the rigor and precision of his analysis make his work in these two architectonic disciplines germane to our contemporary understanding of science, our political regimes, and our religious laws.