As an important quality control mechanism, peer evaluation is widely applied in various fields such as academia and scientific research. The safety of special equipment is directly tied to the security of people’s lives and property, as well as social stability. This paper delves into the current state of special equipment and its inspection and testing agencies in China, pinpointing the challenges and issues encountered in the realm of special equipment safety management. Based on the characteristics of special equipment and the actual needs of inspection and testing work, this paper innovatively integrates peer evaluation with the assessment of special equipment inspection and testing agencies, elucidating the necessity of constructing a peer evaluation index system for special equipment inspection and testing agencies. Drawing on advanced experiences from relevant fields both domestically and internationally, and aligning with domestic legal requirements and technical specifications, this paper explores the utilization of Delphi method, analytic hierarchy process, and other approaches to screen peer evaluation indicators for inspection and testing agencies, and to calculate the weight of indicators at all levels. The aim is to construct a scientific, reasonable, comprehensive, and systematic peer evaluation index system for special equipment inspection and testing agencies, facilitating a thorough and objective assessment of these agencies, and providing theoretical methods and pathways for constructing a peer evaluation and supervisory mechanism for special equipment inspection and testing agencies.