Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis (CSVT) constitutes 0.5–3% of all strokes, which primarily affects young women. The clinical presentation is often atypical, with vague symptoms; hence, radiological imaging with computed tomography (CT) and MR venography is considered optimal for diagnosing cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Anticoagulation is the mainstay of treatment in these patients, with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) being the preferred agent in the acute stage of the disease, followed by maintenance anticoagulation with warfarin or direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for a varying period starting from 3 months to lifelong, based on the associated risk factors (genetic/acquired, provoked/unprovoked). Supportive management includes adequate hydration, reduction of intracranial pressure (ICP) with osmotherapy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, sedation and ventilation, and antiepileptics. In cases of refractory ICP elevation with mass effects and impending herniation, decompressive craniectomy is offered as a therapy to improve outcomes. Endovascular treatment has been shown to have a reasonable safety profile. It should be reserved for patients with poor prognostic scores during admission and for those who deteriorate despite maximal medical care. CSVT in pregnancy is relatively common and requires a multidisciplinary approach because of concerns regarding anticoagulation and contrast-associated teratogenicity, radiation exposure, and prothrombotic state. Management of paediatric and neonatal CSVT is similar to adult management, except that the duration of anticoagulation is shorter for neonates (6–12 weeks) due to the lower rate of propagation and recurrence.

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Controversies Regarding Different Treatment Modalities for Cortical Sinus Venous Thrombosis

  • Ramamani Mariappan,
  • Mouleeswaran Sundaram

摘要

Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis (CSVT) constitutes 0.5–3% of all strokes, which primarily affects young women. The clinical presentation is often atypical, with vague symptoms; hence, radiological imaging with computed tomography (CT) and MR venography is considered optimal for diagnosing cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Anticoagulation is the mainstay of treatment in these patients, with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) being the preferred agent in the acute stage of the disease, followed by maintenance anticoagulation with warfarin or direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for a varying period starting from 3 months to lifelong, based on the associated risk factors (genetic/acquired, provoked/unprovoked). Supportive management includes adequate hydration, reduction of intracranial pressure (ICP) with osmotherapy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, sedation and ventilation, and antiepileptics. In cases of refractory ICP elevation with mass effects and impending herniation, decompressive craniectomy is offered as a therapy to improve outcomes. Endovascular treatment has been shown to have a reasonable safety profile. It should be reserved for patients with poor prognostic scores during admission and for those who deteriorate despite maximal medical care. CSVT in pregnancy is relatively common and requires a multidisciplinary approach because of concerns regarding anticoagulation and contrast-associated teratogenicity, radiation exposure, and prothrombotic state. Management of paediatric and neonatal CSVT is similar to adult management, except that the duration of anticoagulation is shorter for neonates (6–12 weeks) due to the lower rate of propagation and recurrence.