The green transformation of agriculture has become an inevitable pathway for advancing rural revitalization and agricultural reforms. Understanding the relationship between agricultural production system transitions and their environmental effects is thus urgently needed to promote high-quality development. Using a typological approach, this chapter classifies agricultural transitions into two models: the shift from traditional management to modern agriculture in suburban regions and the shift from traditional management to modern intensive agriculture in exurban regions. Agricultural production patterns across plain regions are further categorized into four types: modern intensive agriculture in suburban areas, traditional management agriculture in suburban areas, modern intensive agriculture in exurban areas, and traditional management agriculture in exurban areas. An analytical framework is developed, centered on “adaptive responses-elemental changes-environmental feedbacks,” to examine the mechanisms and characteristics of production system transitions and their environmental impacts. It highlights the roles of driving forces, supporting forces, and traction forces. Findings reveal that in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the environmental impacts of agricultural transformation are primarily driven by ecosystem disturbances caused by irrational inputs of capital, technology, and labor, under the dual pressures of maximizing production and regional natural constraints. The coupling patterns between agricultural production and environmental effects are categorized into modern intensive agriculture in suburban regions with severe pollution, modern intensive agriculture in suburban regions with moderate pollution, modern intensive agriculture in exurban regions with severe pollution, and modern intensive agriculture in exurban regions with moderate pollution. Based on these findings, targeted policy recommendations are proposed.