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With climate change and rapid urbanization, urban floods have become one of the critical global challenges [1]. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of rainfall [2], while the urbanization process greatly enlarges the area of impermeable paving and thus increases the total runoff [3], both of which enhance the urban flood risk and lead to loss of life and severe damage to infrastructure under flood disasters. As a crucial infrastructure of urban transit systems (UTS), the underground metro network is low-lying with closed space, which makes it vulnerable to floods [4, 5]. Therefore, the authorities must evaluate the flood risk of metro networks so that efficient risk mitigation measures can be implemented before disasters to ensure the reliability of the systems.

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Flood Hazard Analysis

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Limao Zhang,
  • Renfei He,
  • Qiong Liu,
  • Paolo Gardoni

摘要

With climate change and rapid urbanization, urban floods have become one of the critical global challenges [1]. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of rainfall [2], while the urbanization process greatly enlarges the area of impermeable paving and thus increases the total runoff [3], both of which enhance the urban flood risk and lead to loss of life and severe damage to infrastructure under flood disasters. As a crucial infrastructure of urban transit systems (UTS), the underground metro network is low-lying with closed space, which makes it vulnerable to floods [4, 5]. Therefore, the authorities must evaluate the flood risk of metro networks so that efficient risk mitigation measures can be implemented before disasters to ensure the reliability of the systems.