Under the background of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals”, through the application of photovoltaic power generation, energy storage system, and charging infrastructure, the formation of new energy and railway traction network deep integration of Source-Network-Train-Station-Storage energy supply system, while improving the traction load of railway trains and non-traction load efficiency of railway stations, has become an important way to achieve the “Double Carbon” goal of the railway. This paper focuses on the typical Source-Network-Train-Station-Storage collaborative energy supply system formed by new energy generation, railway traction network, train, railway station, and energy storage system, analyzes the typical application scenarios of “Source-Network-Train-Station-Storage” collaborative energy supply system, and studies the characteristics of each element of the Source-Network-Train-Station-Storage collaborative energy supply system. The interactive coupling characteristics and matching mechanism of the Source-Network-Train-Station-Storage collaborative energy supply system are revealed, which provides strong theoretical support for realizing the goal of the railway’s Double-Carbon Policy.