With the continuous increase in renewable energy penetration, the reduction of system inertia and the resulting frequency stability issues have become increasingly severe. This paper proposes an innovative primary frequency regulation control strategy for wind power and hybrid energy storage systems. First, a mathematical model of the wind–hybrid energy storage integrated system is established. By introducing a state of charge (SOC) indicator, a power allocation strategy based on an SOC self-recovery mechanism is designed for the hybrid energy storage system. Second, considering the system frequency deviation, wind power output, and its fluctuation direction, 13 operating scenarios are classified in detail, and an adaptive frequency regulation control model and method are proposed accordingly. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulation results demonstrate that compared with traditional methods, the proposed strategy reduces the root mean square (RMS) of frequency deviation by 83.7%, decreases SOC fluctuation of the energy storage system by 10.9%, reduces wind power curtailment rate by 5.45%, and lowers the output fluctuation coefficient by 46.2%. This provides a novel approach for enhancing the stability of renewable-dominated power systems in weak grid conditions.