Sustainable remediation techniques are now in high demand due to environmental contamination brought on by urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. Due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics, such as high surface area, catalytic activity, chemical stability, and tunable electronic structures, metal oxide-based materials have become bright prospects for environmental applications. Addressing environmental issues like air pollution, water contamination, and energy sustainability requires the use of these materials. Metal oxides are essential in contemporary environmental technologies because of their capacity to interact with pollutants at the molecular level. Since their semiconducting qualities allow for high sensitivity and quick reaction to target gases, metal oxides are frequently utilized in gas sensors for the detection of harmful pollutants such as NO₂, CO, H₂S, and CH₄. Through surface interactions, ion exchange, and redox reactions, metal oxides effectively remove heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, As3+, and Cr6+) from wastewater. They are also perfect for advanced oxidation processes because of their photocatalytic qualities under UV or visible light, which enable the degradation of microbial and organic contaminants. Recently, their efficiency, selectivity, and recyclability have been greatly enhanced by developments in nanostructuring, doping, and hybrid composite development. This chapter explores the role, mechanisms, advantages, and challenges of metal oxide-based materials in environmental remediation, emphasizing their potential for sustainable pollution control applications.