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The application of RNA interference (RNAi) in plant biotechnology holds immense potential for crop improvement, pest management, and climate resilience. However, the efficacy of RNAi-based strategies is hindered by the biological barriers of plants, including the cuticle, cell wall, and apoplastic defences, which limit the efficiency of conventional delivery methods. This chapter explores the transformative role of nanotechnology in overcoming these challenges through innovative, non-transgenic delivery systems. Recent advances in nanocarrier design, such as lipid-based nanoparticles, pH-responsive polymeric systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and biomimetic platforms inspired by plant exosomes or viral capsids, offer unprecedented precision in RNAi payload delivery. Surface functionalization strategies, including ligand-mediated targeting and stimuli-responsive coatings (e.g., light- or enzyme-triggered release), enhance tissue-specific uptake while minimizing off-target effects. Novel insights into nanoparticle trafficking mechanisms, such as symplastic transport via plasmodesmata and vascular systemic delivery, further enable whole-plant gene silencing. Breakthroughs in RNAi payload engineering, such as chemically stabilized siRNA and dual-function carriers co-delivering RNAi with micronutrients, address extracellular degradation and enhance agroecological compatibility. Despite these advancements, scalability challenges, regulatory uncertainties, and unresolved biosafety concerns underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. Emerging solutions like AI-driven nanocarrier optimization, UV-resistant coatings, and “safe-by-design” frameworks aim to bridge lab-to-field translation gaps. This chapter synthesizes the latest innovations in nano-enabled RNAi delivery, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize precision agriculture while navigating technical, environmental, and ethical frontiers. By uniting nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and sustainable practices, these advances pave the way for resilient, high-yielding crops in an era of global food insecurity.

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Nano-delivering RNAi in Plants: Opportunities and Challenges

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Piyush Bania,
  • Dyuti Ballav Chongder,
  • Ankan Das,
  • Bodhisattya Pal,
  • Sandip Debnath

摘要

The application of RNA interference (RNAi) in plant biotechnology holds immense potential for crop improvement, pest management, and climate resilience. However, the efficacy of RNAi-based strategies is hindered by the biological barriers of plants, including the cuticle, cell wall, and apoplastic defences, which limit the efficiency of conventional delivery methods. This chapter explores the transformative role of nanotechnology in overcoming these challenges through innovative, non-transgenic delivery systems. Recent advances in nanocarrier design, such as lipid-based nanoparticles, pH-responsive polymeric systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and biomimetic platforms inspired by plant exosomes or viral capsids, offer unprecedented precision in RNAi payload delivery. Surface functionalization strategies, including ligand-mediated targeting and stimuli-responsive coatings (e.g., light- or enzyme-triggered release), enhance tissue-specific uptake while minimizing off-target effects. Novel insights into nanoparticle trafficking mechanisms, such as symplastic transport via plasmodesmata and vascular systemic delivery, further enable whole-plant gene silencing. Breakthroughs in RNAi payload engineering, such as chemically stabilized siRNA and dual-function carriers co-delivering RNAi with micronutrients, address extracellular degradation and enhance agroecological compatibility. Despite these advancements, scalability challenges, regulatory uncertainties, and unresolved biosafety concerns underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. Emerging solutions like AI-driven nanocarrier optimization, UV-resistant coatings, and “safe-by-design” frameworks aim to bridge lab-to-field translation gaps. This chapter synthesizes the latest innovations in nano-enabled RNAi delivery, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize precision agriculture while navigating technical, environmental, and ethical frontiers. By uniting nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and sustainable practices, these advances pave the way for resilient, high-yielding crops in an era of global food insecurity.