The contemporary understanding of privacy is constantly changing in definition as we are exposed to innovations and their repercussions simultaneously. Privacy in India and Japan is reflected in strong community-based relations. The objective of the research chapter is to outline the divergences and convergences in the debate between privacy and data protection in India and Japan. The questions raised are: How has the debate on privacy evolved in the digital age? What is the theme of legality for granting privacy rights to Indians and Japanese? To address these, the research study employs a comparative approach to explain the implications of digitalization. It focuses on the case studies of their national Digital IDs, Aadhar, and My Number. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first part underlines the socio-cultural context of India and Japan to distinguish their understanding of privacy from the Western models. The second part shows that the legality of data protection in India is different from the legal framework of data protection and privacy in Japan. The final part evaluates the prominence of the state in legal-regulatory developments on data protection in India and Japan.