The fostering of humaneness, of which sympathy and altruistic behavior are the primary components, is not just a moral exhortation by some of our greatest icons—Buddha, Nanak, Kabir, Gandhi, Tagore come immediately to mind—but also an empirical fact. Research in neurosciences suggests that humaneness may be wired into our brains, with beneficial effects that extend beyond psychological well-being to improved physical health and longer lifespan. It is also true that our humaneness has to struggle against the powerful forces of desire, aggression and narcissism that, too, are as deeply rooted in the human psyche as humaneness, and to which they pose an unceasing threat all through the life cycle. The chapter is a detailed exploration of what makes us human before it analyzes the nature and strength of the ‘enemy’ and then suggests some counter measures that can help in fostering humaneness.