Microbial biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by bacteria, yeasts and fungi, characterized by their amphiphilic nature, environmental compatibility and ability to function under extreme conditions. Their unique chemical properties and biodegradability make them highly suitable for bioremediation applications. The present chapter explores the production, properties and environmental applications of microbial biosurfactants, with a particular focus on their role in the bioremediation of recalcitrant pollutants such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification, solubilization and bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants, facilitating microbial degradation and detoxification processes. They also act as chelating agents for heavy metals, aiding in their removal from contaminated sites. Advances in the production of biosurfactants using alternative substrates and solid-state fermentation have improved their economic feasibility and sustainability, aligning with circular economic principles. This chapter also highlights recent research trends, including the use of biosurfactants as agricultural and biocidal agents, underscoring their potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants in environmental and industrial applications.