Urban smart agriculture is a solution for food security and sustainable development in cities. Urban smart farming (USF) integrates digital technologies (e.g., IoT, AI, and robotics) into urban agriculture optimizes resource use, enhances productivity, and reduces environmental impact. This paper explores the role of USF in addressing food security challenges in rapidly urbanizing environments. Through a systematic literature review, we analyze key technologies, benefits, and implementation challenges. Results highlight USF’s potential to transform urban food systems while supporting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Findings indicate that USF can considerably reduce water usage and increase crop yields tenfold in limited urban spaces. However, high initial costs and policy gaps are the critical challenges in development of urban smart farming.