Synthetic biology is a new science with great potential for the future and is widely used in many fields such as food, agriculture, medicine, and the environment. The applications of synthetic biology revolve around creating or modifying natural behaviors or structures to serve useful human purposes. Biofuels, value-added chemicals, food flavors, medications, synthetic vaccines, and biosensors are a few examples of applications. From the applications of synthetic biology in different fields, it has played an important role as a driving force for economic development, such as providing efficient alternatives and creating high-value products with economic resilience. Therefore, this chapter has clarified the economic aspects of synthetic biology, including the roles of synthetic biology in economics, the economic models based on synthetic biology, and the potential of synthetic biology for the development of economics. The results demonstrate that synthetic biology is not only an emerging technology but also a transformative force with the potential to reshape future industries and economic development models. These evidences provide a comprehensive perspective on the field of synthetic biology in economic development that can be used by biological scientists or economists to guide future research and applications.