This is original, unpublished work that pivots from a previously published article on the gaps between social protection regulation and realities experienced by migrant workers in Thailand's agricultural sector. This chapter takes a closer look at the formalization process of labor migration and the creation of black-market economies in document brokering. The chapter asks while rural workers are leaving the fields in Thailand, who is doing the work? While the Thai workers who left Thailand as migrant workers toiling in agriculture abroad—i.e., in the US agrobusinesses, electronics and agriculture in South Korea, and construction and manufacturing in Taiwan—foreign migrant workers from neighboring countries do the vast majority of farmwork along the border provinces. Close to four million migrant workers from neighboring countries has made Thailand both a sending and receiving country in transition toward rapid economic development. The main argument is that the formalization of labor migration contributes to a growing gap between increasing precarity and Thailand’s compliance toward international legal standards for social protections of migrant workers through bilateral agreements. The difference lies in the letter of law and trade agreements versus on-the-ground implemented practices in recruitment and working conditions. The chapter is based on pre-Covid-19 ILO survey data from 528 migrant workers, field observations, and in-depth interviews.