India’s small-scale inland fisheries sector is a vital source of livelihood, nutrition, and cultural identity for millions. However, it faces various sectoral conflicts that threaten its sustainability and the well-being of dependent communities. These conflicts arise from socio-economic disparities, environmental pressures, and governance challenges. Socio-economic conflicts stem from competition over limited resources, leading to disputes among fishers, aquaculture operators, and other stakeholders. The lack of equitable access to fishing grounds exacerbates tensions, particularly when industrial and semi-industrial operations encroach upon areas traditionally used by small-scale fishers. Environmental conflicts are fueled by overfishing, pollution, and habitat degradation, often resulting from unregulated activities and inadequate enforcement of conservation measures. Governance-related conflicts emerge due to weak regulatory frameworks, poor compliance, and policies that favor large-scale operations over small-scale fisheries. The absence of comprehensive legislation for inland water bodies further complicates management efforts. Addressing these conflicts requires a holistic approach that encompasses improved resource management, participatory governance, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Food and Agriculture Organization’s Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries provide a framework for empowering small-scale fishers, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring equitable access to resources. Implementing these guidelines necessitates collaboration among stakeholders, investment in infrastructure, and recognition of the socio-cultural significance of small-scale fisheries. By embracing inclusive policies and fostering community engagement, India can mitigate sectoral conflicts and pave the way for a resilient and sustainable small-scale inland fisheries sector.