Indian rivers have historically served as a crucial foundation for various small-scale fisheries, providing livelihoods, nutrition, and a sense of cultural identity to millions. Over time, these riverine fisheries have undergone a transformation-from traditional, sustainable practices to a complex interaction of ecological degradation, policy oversight, and conflicting water-use priorities. This chapter delves into the historical evolution, current challenges, and future prospects of SSF in Indian rivers. The text highlights the profound changes in river ecosystems resulting from dam construction, pollution, overfishing, and climate change, which have adversely impacted fish populations and the communities dependent on fishing. Given these challenges, SSFs continue to demonstrate resilience by leveraging local knowledge and community institutions and adapting to evolving policy frameworks effectively. The manuscript promotes a revolutionary strategy for river governance that emphasises the perspectives of small-scale fishers, restores ecological flows, and ensures equitable access, underscoring the significance of sustainability, justice, and cooperative management.