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This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of advanced electron microscopy–based techniques for high–spatial-resolution magnetic characterization. Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) enables quantitative, element-specific mapping of spin and orbital magnetic moments with spatial resolution approaching the atomic scale. Complementary phase-contrast magnetic imaging methods—including Lorentz microscopy, off-axis electron holography, and electron ptychography—are also discussed, highlighting their capabilities for visualizing magnetic domain structures and vector magnetic fields.

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Spin Order Parameters

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Dongsheng Song,
  • Ziqiang Wang,
  • Zechao Wang,
  • Zhen Chen

摘要

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of advanced electron microscopy–based techniques for high–spatial-resolution magnetic characterization. Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) enables quantitative, element-specific mapping of spin and orbital magnetic moments with spatial resolution approaching the atomic scale. Complementary phase-contrast magnetic imaging methods—including Lorentz microscopy, off-axis electron holography, and electron ptychography—are also discussed, highlighting their capabilities for visualizing magnetic domain structures and vector magnetic fields.