This chapter reviews the 70-year legislative history of the People’s Republic of China, emphasizing the role of legislation in advancing socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernizing state governance. China’s legislation has evolved through two key phases: the first 30 years after 1949, marked by socialist revolution, institution-building, and setbacks during the Cultural Revolution; and the reform and opening-up era since 1978, characterized by economic transformation, legal reconstruction, and constitutional development. It highlights the integration of Party leadership, people’s sovereignty, and the rule of law as the core principle of China’s legal system. The legislative achievements have enabled the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, from policy-led governance to rule-based governance, and from social instability to stable, law-based order. The socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has been a strong institutional guarantee for China’s development, national unity, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.