In addition to classic growth theory, Chapter 2 proposes micro perspective of economic growth, “Dual-Wheel Drive Model” where one wheel is “innovation” and the other is “market scale,” and intermediate perspective of economic growth, “Growth Theorem,” stating that a necessary and sufficient condition for an economy to maintain long-run growth is the continuous upgrading of its industrial structure. The history of globalization is divided into four stages in this chapter: the era of global discovery (1500–1819), the era of global trade (1820–1978), the era of global production (1979–2018), and the era of global innovation (2019–).