Cancer is one of the most important public health problems today, with social and economic repercussions and an incidence of approximately 19.3 million new diagnosed cases and a mortality rate of ten million annually. Although in developed countries, its incidence and mortality have been reduced due to advances in diagnostic technology and new therapeutic strategies, the development of new innovations is urgently needed to mitigate or simply control this disease and also reduce side effects associated with current treatments. In this sense, nanomedicine, a medical application of nanotechnology, has emerged as a viable strategy for the development of new cancer therapies, as well as technological advances for its accurate diagnosis. Therefore, this chapter will place special emphasis on innovations based on nanotechnology platforms, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, with potential applications in cancer therapies and diagnostics.