Breast cancer continues to be a major cancer type for women worldwide, including low- and middle-income regions, where it remains one of the most common causes of cancer mortality. This chapter tackles the essential aspects of breast cancer biology and epidemiology, its challenges concerning timely diagnosis and treatment, and the enduring difficulties that affect outcomes. It starts with some facts on the global epidemiological burden and goes into depth on the gaps between regions in terms of incidence and mortality, as well as exposure to established and emerging risk factors, such as genetics, hormones, and lifestyle choices. To explain the roots of neoplastic transformation, a comprehensive descriptive account of breast anatomy and physiology is included. The focus of this chapter is on the pathogenesis of breast cancer, detailing the molecular subtypes, which include luminal A/B, HER2-enriched breast cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), each with compelling differences in their biological behavior and treatment response. Contemporary strategies in genetic counseling and breast cancer risk reduction are discussed, with emphasis on hereditary breast cancers’ genetic features, particularly the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Each diagnostic and screening method, including new approaches like liquid biopsies and artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted imaging, is thoroughly reviewed and verified with the utmost attention to detail, effectiveness, and relevance in providing care for patients. Discussed therapeutic strategies are holistic in approach, integrating surgical interventions, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal treatments, and targeted biological therapies while also including advanced treatments like immunotherapy and precision oncology. This chapter highlights concerns, both clinical and public health in nature, of late detection and diagnosis, unequal access to healthcare, treatment adherence and resistance, and inequities faced by underserved populations. The psychosocial consequences of treatment, as well as primary survivorship concerns, also illustrate the significance of ongoing care. Finally, new developments in liquid biopsy and AI applications in diagnostics are examined as promising paths to enhance the treatment of breast cancer. This chapter concentrates on these novel strategies to give researchers, physicians, and students a fundamental understanding of breast cancer as well as the changing issues that characterize its ongoing significance on a global scale.