The 2015 Paris Agreement has set the direction for climate action for decades to come, binding countries to achieve the unprecedented task of keeping global warming well below 2° Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The latest science shows that climate action is not an option but a necessity for human survival. The world must limit global temperature to 1.5°, not 2°, to prevent the impacts of climate change from becoming catastrophic. This will require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society. At the same time, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with its wealth of 17 Sustainable Development Goals, demands the world to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development in all three dimensions—economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. However, the World Bank estimates that 700 million people still live in extreme poverty, and another 2.3 billion people live in upper-middle-income countries but still rely, to some extent, on the environment and empowering policies to maintain their economic situation. People with low incomes are disproportionately affected by natural hazards and climate-related events, and this trend is expected to intensify, which are detailed in this chapter. They suffer not only during disasters and extreme events, but they also suffer from structural weaknesses and lack of adequate infrastructure, which is essential to breaking the cycle of poverty and adapting to the whirlwind of growing risk.