Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science and technology that is transforming material science in the twenty-first century by offering unique and valuable functionalities. In the pulp and paper industry, the use of nanotechnology has increased, because it has the potential to enhance product performance, since processes can become more efficient through nanotechnological interventions. The use of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials in papermaking initially aimed at improving process operations and reducing raw material usage. However, its scope has now expanded significantly, which has allowed the integration of a wide variety of nanomaterials into paper structures, bestowing it with new and multifunctional properties. Nanotechnology has enabled improvements, particularly in barrier properties, printability, mechanical and optical characteristics, leading to significant advancements in paper coating and printing. The ability to modify surface features at the nanoscale opens up new opportunities for creating high-performance, value-added paper products. In this chapter, the basic principles of nanotechnology along with its various roles and applications in paper coating and printing are discussed. Nanotechnology is used to enhance coating formulations, and recent literature also highlights developments in printing quality. To fully realize the potential of nanotechnology in the pulp and paper industry, collaboration between academic researchers and policymakers is essential. Such cooperation can address current challenges and drive sustainable innovation in paper-based materials.