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To address the demands of ultra-long-endurance ship missions and the complex operating conditions imposed by ocean environments, this study proposes a heat pipe reactor–lithium battery hybrid energy system (NHES) as the ship’s power source. A hierarchical control strategy is designed to optimize energy management across different time scales for the reactor and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed control strategy consists of three progressive layers: (1) global operational planning, (2) nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) for multi-energy distribution, and (3) PID-based component-level action control. This hierarchical design ensures optimal control performance with manageable computational requirements. Simulation studies under various ship operational scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Compared to non-hierarchical energy management strategies, the hierarchical strategy achieves more scientific battery state-of-charge (SoC) planning, reduces the frequency of reactor control actions, and maintains more stable reactor fuel temperatures. These improvements enhance the long-term operational reliability and efficiency of the NHES. The results highlight the advantages of the proposed hierarchical energy management strategy, offering a practical and robust solution for energy optimization in ship applications.

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Hierarchical Energy Management Strategy of the Heat Pipe Cooled reactor—Battery Hybrid Energy System for Ships

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Ziyin Liu,
  • Limin Liu,
  • Ziang Guo,
  • Kuaiyuan Feng,
  • Hui Guo,
  • Hanyang Gu

摘要

To address the demands of ultra-long-endurance ship missions and the complex operating conditions imposed by ocean environments, this study proposes a heat pipe reactor–lithium battery hybrid energy system (NHES) as the ship’s power source. A hierarchical control strategy is designed to optimize energy management across different time scales for the reactor and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed control strategy consists of three progressive layers: (1) global operational planning, (2) nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) for multi-energy distribution, and (3) PID-based component-level action control. This hierarchical design ensures optimal control performance with manageable computational requirements. Simulation studies under various ship operational scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Compared to non-hierarchical energy management strategies, the hierarchical strategy achieves more scientific battery state-of-charge (SoC) planning, reduces the frequency of reactor control actions, and maintains more stable reactor fuel temperatures. These improvements enhance the long-term operational reliability and efficiency of the NHES. The results highlight the advantages of the proposed hierarchical energy management strategy, offering a practical and robust solution for energy optimization in ship applications.