Theoretical Paradigm of Think Tank Science and Engineering
摘要
The term “paradigm” was first used and systematically explained by Thomas Kuhn, a well-known American historian and philosopher of science. “In its established usage, a paradigm is an accepted model or pattern,” wrote Kuhn, “by choosing it, I mean to suggest that accepted examples of actual scientific practice—examples which include law, theory, application, and instrumentation—that provide models from which particular coherent traditions of scientific research emerge.” (Kuhn 2022). According to Kuhn, a paradigm is a fundamental understanding of methodology, ontology and epistemology and also a common framework of theories, assumptions, standards and methods accepted by the scientific community, which together constitute a shared set of beliefs of scientists. The theoretical paradigm of think tank science and engineering, a discipline in the making, begins to take shape.