In the face of think tank problems that are complicated in nature, especially those problems carrying major national needs, it is important to correctly decompose the problems in order to propose science-oriented effective solutions. One of the key issues in the Double Helix Methodology in Think Tanks is to decompose the think tank problems from the process of “decomposition-interdisciplinary research-reduction” by subdividing the problem into a series of sub-problems, then integrating and studying the sub-problems based on various types of knowledge, and finally carrying out comprehensive reduction to propose a solution to the problem. In the process of problem solving, problem decomposition is the first and key step to start with. This chapter discusses the analysis of think tank problems and proposes four steps of problem analysis (defining the problem-describing the problem-constructing a framework-forming a sub-problem set) under the framework of the Double Helix Methodology in Think Tanks, and will provide a set of viable methods for problem analysis. The research on the theory and practice of the science and technology planning is analyzed as a case study.