Reusable space vehicles will travel repeatedly between the ground and space orbits during their service, and their surface thermal protection structures will be exposed to harsh thermo-mechanical loads such as heat, vibration and noise. This paper focuses on a thermal protection structure test piece, establishing a repeatable performance test verification system for the thermal protection structure under extreme high-temperature conditions, strong noise and high-level vibration. Thermal vibration and thermal noise tests at a temperature of 1100 °C were carried out, and multiple repeated tests were conducted. The test results show that the TPS configuration test piece has excellent thermal insulation performance, and the repeatability of the three thermal vibration tests is good. The thermal protection performance of the test piece does not show a significant decrease. After the final two thermal noise tests, obvious delamination damage occurred. This result can provide technical support for the vibration and noise resistance design of the thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicles and the establishment of a reusable test system.