This chapter examines the foundational role of benevolence and filial piety in Chinese Confucian ethics. It explores how the five core virtues—benevolence, righteousness, ritual propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness—form the basis of moral character, with benevolence serving as the central organizing principle. The chapter analyzes Mencius’s theory of the “four origins of goodness,” particularly the feeling of commiseration as the source of benevolence. It investigates the relationship between filial piety and broader social virtues, demonstrating how family-based affection extends to encompass clan, state, and universal ethics through the principle of “showing affection for one’s kin.” The chapter also distinguishes between love as natural emotion and benevolence as cultivated virtue, examining how personal affection transforms into universal moral principles through the concept of “oneness with all things.”