Technological evolution serves as the fundamental driver of industrial transformation and economic restructuring. This chapter systematically examines major technological revolutions—from the steam engine and electricity to integrated circuits, the internet, and artificial intelligence—analyzing how each wave of innovation has redefined industry architecture, reshaped competitive landscapes, and created new generations of leading enterprises. It demonstrates that transformative technologies not only enhance productivity but also reconfigure value chains and alter capital allocation patterns. Ultimately, understanding technological trajectories enables investors to identify structural opportunities and anticipate how innovation cascades through business models, market valuations, and long-term economic development.