Future aerospace computing systems will center around high-performance intelligent data processing, supporting a wide range of application scenarios such as high-speed image/radar target recognition, intelligent decision-making, and onboard large-scale models. All-optical computing, which uses light as the information carrier and leverages the wave nature of light to enable highly efficient parallel computation, offers significant advantages over traditional electronic computing, including ultra-low latency, high bandwidth, enhanced computational capacity, and reduced power consumption. Among current implementations, optical computing units based on Mach–Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) represent a mainstream technology route for photonic computing boards. This paper focuses on the architecture of optoelectronic hybrid computing systems based on all-optical computing technology and the modulation principles of optical computing units. Key technologies are summarized, and potential application scenarios within aerospace computing systems are explored, along with future research directions that require critical breakthroughs. The findings aim to provide theoretical support for the development of next-generation intelligent aerospace computing systems.