Malnutrition refers to a deficit, excess, or imbalance of various nutrients, leading to quantifiable negative impacts on body composition, function, and clinical outcomes. Malnutrition, defined as poor nutrition, encompasses both undernutrition, which pertains to insufficient consumption or absorption of one or more nutrients, and overnutrition, characterized by excessive intake. The overnutrition leads to excessive food intake which results in obesity. The dual burden of malnutrition (DBM)—the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition—represents a critical public health challenge globally. With 462 million adults classified as underweight and 1.9 billion categorized as overweight or obese, the situation reflects significant health disparities. The pathophysiology of malnutrition and obesity consists of numerous aspects like deficiency of essential vitamins and minerals and dysregulation of signaling pathway.