This comprehensive chapter provides a broad overview of India’s relations with Western Europe. It discusses Indian perceptions of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe and their impact on Indian social and political movements. It outlines how India was the ‘classic’ European colony. It evaluates Indian perceptions of postwar Europe and highlights how non-alignment and a planned economy led West Europeans to regard India as inconvenient, objectionable, and not necessary in their political, economic, and strategic scheme of things. It assesses Indian reactions to détente in Europe and evaluates whether Western Europe was really a so-called third option during the 1980s. The chapter goes on to discuss Indo-West European relations since the 1990s. It examines Modi’s rediscovery and proactive engagement of Western Europe and highlights key features, including re-energizing the India-EU matrix, engagement of sub-regions, transcending the historical focus on the ‘Big Three’, and extensively engaging Continental Europe as well as exploring new geographical spaces and configurations in recent years. It also examines Indian and European approaches towards the Indo-Pacific. In conclusion, the chapter identifies key areas with the greatest potential for enhanced India–West European relations.